The Mithun (Bos gaurus frontalis), a semi-domestic bovid, is susceptible to predation causing economic loss to villagers in Arunachal Pradesh. The villagers retaliate by killing the predators ‘thought’ to be responsible. This Occasional Report attempts to identify the causes of conflict, incorporating socio-economic and livelihood strategies of local communities, status of mithun, predators (especially Dhole or Indian wild dogs) and wild prey.